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Saturday 7 June 2014

Overloading and Overriding

By Unknown  |  11:07 No comments

Overridding
Definition
If subclass (child class) has the same method as declared in the parent class, it is known as Method overriding.
If subclass provides the specific implementation of the method that has been provided by one of its parent class, it is known as Method Overriding.

 

Advantage of Java Method Overriding

·         Method Overriding is used to provide specific implementation of a method that is already provided by its super class.
·         Method Overriding is used for Runtime Polymorphism

Rules for Method Overriding

1.      method must have same name as in the parent class
2.      method must have same parameter as in the parent class.

3.      must be IS-A relationship (inheritance). 

Exception Handling with Method Overriding
There are many rules if we talk about methodoverriding with exception handling. The Rules are as follows:
1.      If the superclass method does not declare an exception, subclass overridden method cannot declare the checked exception but it can declare unchecked exception.
2.      If the superclass method declares an exception, subclass overridden method can declare same, subclass exception or no exception but cannot declare parent exception.


Understanding the problem without method overriding


Let's understand the problem that we may face in the program if we don't use method overriding.

public class Bank {
       public int getRateOfInterest() {
              return 10;
       }
}

public class SBIBank extends Bank {
      
}
public class TestMain {
      public static void main(String[] args) {
       SBIBank s = new SBIBank();
       System.out.println("SBI Bank Rate of Interest: " + s.getRateOfInterest());
       }
}

Problem is that I have to provide a specific implementation of getRateOfInterest() method in subclass that is why we use method overriding.
Output
SBI Bank Rate of Interest: 10

____________________________________________________________

Real world example of Java Method Overriding


Suppose We have one Bank class which is having on method getRateOfInterest method.

public class Bank {
       public int getRateOfInterest() {
              return 10;
       }
}

public class SBIBank extends Bank {
       public int getRateOfInterest() {
              return 8;
       }
}

public class ICICIBank extends Bank {
       public int getRateOfInterest() {
              return 9;
       }
}

public class AxisBank extends Bank {
       public int getRateOfInterest() {
              return 11;
       }
}

public class TestMain {

       public static void main(String[] args) {
              Bank s = new SBIBank();
              Bank i = new ICICIBank();
              Bank a = new AxisBank();
              System.out.println("SBI Rate of Interest: " + s.getRateOfInterest());
              System.out.println("ICICI Rate of Interest: " + i.getRateOfInterest());
              System.out.println("AXIS Rate of Interest: " + a.getRateOfInterest());

       }

}

Output


SBI Bank Rate of Interest: 8
ICICI Bank Rate of Interest: 9
AXIS Bank Rate of Interest: 11


Notes:- Runtime polymorphism or Dynamic Method Dispatch is a process in which a call to an overridden method is resolved at runtime rather than compile-time.

In this process, an overridden method is called through the reference variable of a superclass. The determination of the method to be called is based on the object being referred to by the reference variable.

______________________________________________________________

Runtime Polymorphism with data member

Method is overridden not the data members, so runtime polymorphism can't be achieved by data members.

In the example given below, both the classes have a data member speed limit, we are accessing the data member by the reference variable of Parent class which refers to the subclass object. Since we are accessing the data member which is not overridden, hence it will access the data member of Parent class always.

Rule: Runtime polymorphism can't be achieved by data members.


public class Bank {
       public int rateOfInterest = 10;
}

public class SBIBank extends Bank {
       public int rateOfInterest = 8;
}

public class ICICIBank extends Bank {
       public int rateOfInteres= 9;
      
}

public class AxisBank extends Bank {
       public int rateOfInterest= 11;
}
Output
SBI Bank Rate of Interest: 10
ICICI Bank Rate of Interest: 10

AXIS  Rate of Interest: 10


___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________


Overloading

Definition:-
If a class have multiple methods by same name but different parameters, it is known as Method Overloading.



Advantage of Java Method Overloading

·         If we have to perform only one operation, having same name of the methods increases the readability of the program. 
·         Method Overriding is used for Compile time Polymorphism

Rules for Method Overloading

1.      method must have same name 
2.      method must have same return type


Different ways to overload the method
There are two ways to overload the method in java

  1. By changing number of arguments 
  2. By changing the data type

1) Example of Method Overloading by changing the no. of arguments

In this example, we have created two overloaded methods, first sum method performs addition of two numbers and second sum method performs addition of three numbers.

public class Calculation {
       void sum(int a, int b) {
              System.out.println("Sum is " + (a + b));
       }

       void sum(int a, int b, int c) {
              System.out.println("Sum is " + (a + b + c));
       }

       public static void main(String[] args) {
              Calculation obj = new Calculation();
              obj.sum(10, 10, 10);
              obj.sum(20, 20);

       }
}
Output:
Sum is 30
Sum is 40


2)Example of Method Overloading by changing data type of argument

In this example, we have created two overloaded methods that differs in data type. The first sum method receives two integer arguments and second sum method receives two double arguments.
 
public class Calculation {
       void sum(int a, int b) {
              System.out.println("Sum is " + (a + b));
       }

       void sum(double a, double b) {
              System.out.println("Sum is " + (a + b ));
       }

       public static void main(String[] args) {
              Calculation obj = new Calculation();
              obj.sum( 10, 10);
              obj.sum(20.5, 20.6);

       }
}
Output
Sum is 20
Sum is 41.1


Let's see the difference between 
Overloading & Overriding


Method Overloading
Method Overriding
1
In Same class
More than one classes required
2
Method overloading is used to increase the readability of the program
Method overriding is used to provide the specific implementation of the method that is already provided by its super class.
3
Method overloading is performed within a class.
Method overriding occurs in two classes that have IS-A relationship.
4
In case of method overloading parameter must be different
In case of method overriding parameter must be same.

5
 Called Compile-time polymorphism
  Called Run-time polymorphism









Static Binding and Dynamic Binding
Connecting a method call to the method body is known as binding.
There are two types of binding
1.      Static binding (also known as early binding).
2.      Dynamic binding (also known as late binding).

 

Understanding Type

Let's understand the type of instance.

1) Variables have a type

Each variable has a type; it may be primitive and non-primitive.
1.      int data=30;  
Here data variable is a type of int.

2) References have a type

1.      class Dog{  
2.       public static void main(String args[]){  
3.        Dog d1;//Here d1 is a type of Dog  
4.       }  
5.      }  

3) Objects have a type

An object is an instance of particular java class,but it is also an instance of its superclass.

1.      class Animal{}  
2.        
3.      class Dog extends Animal{  
4.       public static void main(String args[]){  
5.        Dog d1=new Dog();  
6.       }  
7.      }  

Here d1 is an instance of Dog class, but it is also an instance of Animal.

Static binding:-When type of the object is determined at compiled time (by the compiler), it is known as static binding.


If there is any private, final or static method in a class, there is static binding.

Example of static binding

1.      class Dog{  
2.       private void eat(){System.out.println("dog is eating...");}  
3.        
4.       public static void main(String args[]){  
5.        Dog d1=new Dog();  
6.        d1.eat();  
7.       }  
8.      }  

Dynamic binding:- When type of the object is determined at run-time, it is known as dynamic binding.

Example of dynamic binding

1.      class Animal{  
2.       void eat(){System.out.println("animal is eating...");}  
3.      }  
4.        
5.      class Dog extends Animal{  
6.       void eat(){System.out.println("dog is eating...");}  
7.        
8.       public static void main(String args[]){  
9.        Animal a=new Dog();  
10.    a.eat();  
11.   }  
12.  }  
Output:dog is eating...
 
In the above example object type cannot be determined by the compiler, because the instance of Dog is also an instance of Animal.So compiler doesn't know its type, only its base type.




Can we override static method?

No, static method cannot be overridden.

 

Why we cannot override static method?

Because static method is bound with class, whereas instance method is bound with object. Static belongs to class area and instance belongs to heap area.

Can we override java main method?

No, because main is a static method.

Why Method Overloaing is not possible by changing the return type of method?

In java, method overloading is not possible by changing the return type of the method because there may occur ambiguity. Let's see how ambiguity may occur:
because there was problem:

public class Calculation {
       public int sum(int a, int b) {
              return (a + b);
       }

       public double sum(int a, int b) {
              return (a + b) ;
       }
}

Note:- Duplicate method error will come at compile time

Can we overload main() method?

Yes, by method overloading. You can have any number of main methods in a class by method overloading. Let's see the simple example:
 
 
public class TestMain {

       public static void main(String[] args) {
       }

       public static void main(int a) {
              System.out.println(a);
       }

}

Author: Unknown

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